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Arregui Rementería, María
Corella, Dolores (dir.); Portolés Reparaz, Olga (dir.); Coltell Simón, Óscar (dir.) Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l'Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2013 | |
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death worldwide, and the long-term consequences of the non-fatal events also represent a great burden. The multifactorial etiology of these complex pathologies, involves the interaction between lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. The study of the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on intermediate and final CVD phenotypes, is helping recognize the molecular biological means of these diseases.
From all of the modifiable factors of CVD, diet is of particular relevance, both because people eat and drink on a daily basis, and also due to its potential to interact with non-modifiable risk factors, such as SNPs. This thesis presents five studies: four genetic association studies in two different study populations, and a systematic review of informatic tools available to asses diet in epidemiological studies, which...
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death worldwide, and the long-term consequences of the non-fatal events also represent a great burden. The multifactorial etiology of these complex pathologies, involves the interaction between lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. The study of the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on intermediate and final CVD phenotypes, is helping recognize the molecular biological means of these diseases.
From all of the modifiable factors of CVD, diet is of particular relevance, both because people eat and drink on a daily basis, and also due to its potential to interact with non-modifiable risk factors, such as SNPs. This thesis presents five studies: four genetic association studies in two different study populations, and a systematic review of informatic tools available to asses diet in epidemiological studies, which facilitate the study of diet as a risk factor for different chronic diseases including CVD.
The first study cross-sectionally investigated whether the common genetic variant rs4988235 (C/T), located -13910 pb upstream the gene coding for lactase (LCT), was associated with obesity in a Spanish population at high CVD risk, sampled in the Mediterranean area (PREDIMED-Valencia Study, n = 940). Further, its potential modulation by consumption of dairy products was examined. This SNP, which is strongly associated with lactase persistence, is an emerging candidate for obesity. Results from this study suggested that, despite dairy product consumption did not substantially differ by genotype, participants homozygote for the C allele had lower mean body mass index (BMI) (29.7±4.2 vs. 30.6±4.2 kg/m2; P = 0.003) and waist circumference (101.1±1.8 vs. 103.5±11.5 cm; P = 0.005) than T-allele carriers. Obesity prevalence was also significantly higher in T-allele carriers than in CC individuals, however only among participants consuming moderate or high lactose intakes (>8 g/day).
The second study investigated whether the gene variant rs2943634 (C/A), located in a non-coding region of chromosome 2q36.3, and recently associated with coronary artery disease in two GWA studies, was associated with myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in the Potsdam arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). A case-cohort design was used, with a subsample of 2500 persons randomly drawn from the total population of 27,548 middle-aged men and women, along with all incident cases of myocardial infarction (n = 211) and ischemic stroke (n = 144), occurring during a mean follow-up of 8.2 years. Because the mode of mechanism by which this SNP may increase CVD risk is unknown, associations of this SNP with 12 available intermediate risk phenotypes of CVD were also investigated. The minor allele of rs2943634 was associated in an additive fashion with lower risk of ischemic stroke after adjustment for age and sex (per-allele hazard ratio 0.66, 95% CI 0.50-0.87) but not with myocardial infarction (per-allele hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 0.82-1.28). Furthermore, the minor allele was related to slightly higher levels of plasma adiponectin (CC 6.94, CA 7.27, AA 7.86μg/ml, P=0.0002) and HDL-cholesterol (CC 52.08, CA 53.05 and AA 55.27mg/dl, P=0.002) in an additive fashion. Adjustment for adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol did, however, not attenuate the association between the SNP and ischemic stroke risk. In contrast, adjustment for adiponectin abolished the association between the SNP and HDL-cholesterol and adjustment for HDL-cholesterol attenuated the association between the SNP and adiponectin.
In the third study, the impact of common genetic variation in the Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) gene, captured by means of 7 tagging SNPs and 5 inferred haplotypes, on the modulation of 8 metabolic risk factors linked to the activity of SCD1 (triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, glycated haemoglobin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase and fetuin-A) was investigated. SCD1 is the rate limiting enzyme catalyzing the conversion of the endogenous and dietary saturated fatty acids palmitic and stearic into the monounsaturated palmitoleic and oleic, respectively. Its activity has been associated with traits of the metabolic syndrome in mice and humans, but also with the prevention of saturated fatty acids accumulation and subsequent inflammation, whereas for liver fat content inconsistent results have been reported. In the EPIC-Potsdam Study (n = 2157), however, no associations between common variants of SCD1 or its inferred haplotypes and the investigated metabolic risk factors were observed.
The fourth study was conducted in EPIC-Potsdam following a case-cohort design (193 incident myocardial infarction, 131 incident ischemic stroke cases and 1978 non-cases). Further, the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (30 CVD cases and 1,188 controls) was used to replicate findings.
The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP), encoded by the MTTP gene, plays an important role in the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein-B containing lipoproteins as chylomicrons in the intestine, and of very low density lipoproteins in the liver. MTTP is regulated by cholesterol. In this study the investigated hypothesis was that, the -164T>C polymorphism, located in the promoter region of MTTP, could modify the risk of CVD, depending on cholesterol levels. This SNP had inconsistently been associated with CVD in previous studies. In the EPIC-Potsdam study, individuals with cholesterol levels <200 mg/dL showed a significant increased risk of CVD (HRadditve= 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.78); while HRadditve for subjects with cholesterol levels ≥200 mg/dL was 0.77 (0.58-1.03). HRadditive for participants in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study were 1.06 (0.33-3.40) and 0.60 (0.29-1.25) respectively for participants with cholesterol levels <200 mg/dL and ≥200 mg/dL. These results suggest that risk allele carriers with low cholesterol levels may be predisposed to an increased risk of developing CVD, which seems to be abolished among risk allele carriers with high cholesterol levels.
In the last years, the tedious task of a assessing a person’s diet has started to benefit from the fast development of the information and communication technologies. Thus, a variety of new tools now makes it possible to study diet as a risk factor for different chronic diseases in large epidemiological studies, without too much labour costs. In the fifth study of this thesis, a state-of-the-art review of applications for automating the most commonly used dietary surveys in nutritional research, that is food-frequency questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recalls, is provided.Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) constituyen la principal causa de mortalidad en todo el mundo. Su etiología es multifactorial y compleja e incluye la interacción de factores de estilo de vida, ambientales y genéticos. Mediante estudios de asociación acerca de la influencia de polimorfismos de un sólo nucleótido (SNP) sobre fenotipos intermedios y finales de ECV, es posible identificar rutas metabólicas implicadas en ECV. De todos los factores de riesgo modificables de ECV, la dieta es de particular relevancia, tanto porque la gente come y bebe a diario como por su potencial para interactuar con factores de riesgo no modificables, tales como factores genéticos. En esta tesis se presentan cinco estudios: cuatro de ellos de asociación genética en dos cohortes diferentes y una revisión sistemática sobre herramientas informáticas disponibles para la medida de la dieta en grandes estudios epidemiológicos, que facilitan su estudio como factor de riesgo de diversas enfermedades, incluidas las ECV.
El primer estudio se llevó a cabo en una muestra de población mediterránea española de alto riesgo cardiovascular (estudio PREDIMED-Valencia, n = 940). Mediante un diseño transversal, se investigó la relación con obesidad de la variante genética rs4988235 (C/T), localizada a 13910 pares de bases del gen que codifica la β-galactosidasa Lactasa (LCT). Así mismo de determinó su possible modulación por consumo de productos lácteos. Este polimorfismo, ha sido consistentemente relacionado con la persistencia del enzima lactasa y es además un candidato emergente de obesidad. A pesar de que el consumo de productos lácteos no varió sustancialmente de acuerdo a genotipo, los participantes homocigotos para el alelo C, presentaron menor índice de masa corporal (29.7±4.2 vs 30.6±4.2 kg/m2; P = 0.003) y perimétro de de cintura (101.1±11.8 vs 103.5±11.5 cm, P = 0.005) que los portadores del alelo T. La prevalencia de obesidad fue también significativamente mayor en los portadores del alelo T, sin embargo, sólo entre aquellos participantes cuyo consumo de lactosa fue moderado o alto (>8g/día).
En el segundo estudio, desarrollado en la cohorte de Potsdam del Estudio Europeo Prospectivo sobre Cáncer y Nutrición (EPIC), se investigó la asociación de la variante genética rs2943634 (C/A) con incidencia de infarto de miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular isquémico. El polimorfismo rs2943634 se localiza en una región no codificante del cromosoma 2q36.3, sin embargo, había sido asociado con enfermedad arterial coronaria en dos GWAS previos. Se utilizó un diseño caso-cohorte, que incluyó una submuestra aleatoria de 2500 participantes y todos los casos de infarto de miocardio (n = 211) y accidente cerebrovascular isquémico (n = 144) ocurridos en EPIC-Potsdam durante un periodo de seguimiento medio de 8.2 años. Dado que el mecanismo por el que rs2943634 podría modular el riesgo de ECV es desconocido, también se investigó de forma transversal su posible asociación con 12 fenotipos intermedios disponibles de ECV. El alelo C fue asociado de manera aditiva con menor riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular isquémico (ratio de riesgo (HR) por alelo 0.66, intervalo de confianza IC al 95%: 0.50-0.87), pero no con infarto de miocardio [1.02 (82-1.28)]. Además los portadores de este alelo, también presentaron mayores niveles plasmáticos de adiponectina (CC 6.94, CA 7.27, AA 7.86 μg/ml, P = 0.0002) y de cholesterol-HDL (CC 52.08, CA 53.05, AA 55.27mg/dl, P = 0.002). Sin embargo, el ajuste por adiponectina y cholesterol-HDL de los análisis de asociacion del SNP con accidente cerebrovascular hisquémico, no atenuó la asociación.
El enzima Estearoil-CoA Desaturasa-1 (SCD1) cataliza la conversión de los ácidos grasos saturados palmítico y esteárico a los monoinsaturados palmitoléico y oléico, respectivamente. Su actividad se ha asociado con rasgos del síndrome metabólico en ratones y seres humanos, pero también con la prevención de la acumulación de ácidos grasos saturados y posterior inflamación, mientras que para contenido de grasa del hígado los resultados hasta ahora publicados son inconsistentes. En el tercer estudio de esta tesis, en una muestra aleatoria (n = 2500) de la cohorte del studio EPIC-Potsdam, a través de 7 tagging-SNPs y 5 haplotipos inferidos, se investigó el efecto de la heterogeneidad genética común del gen que codifica la enzima SCD1 (SCD1), en la modulación de 8 factores de riesgo metabólico vinculados a la actividad de: SCD1: triglicéridos, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia de cintura, hemoglobina glicosilada, proteína-C-reactiva, gamma-glutamil transferasa, alanina aminotransferasa y fetuina-A. No se encontraron asociaciones estadísticamene significativas entre los genotipos y fenotipos estudiados.
La proteína microsomal transferidora de triglicéridos (MTTP), participa en el ensamblaje y secreción de lipoproteínas con apolipoproteína-B. Esta proteína está codificada por el gen MTTP, que se regula mediante colesterol. Polimorfimos en la zona promotora de este gen, tales como el -164 T>C, han sido inconsistentemente asociados con ECV en distintos estudios. En el cuarto estudio de esta tesis, utilizando un diseño caso-cohorte, se investigó la asociación del polimorfismo -164T> C con riesgo de padecer un evento cardiovascular, en función de los niveles de colesterol (subcohorte, n = 1978; casos de infarto de miocardio, n = 193; casos de ictus isquémico, n = 131). Los resultados obtenidos fueron replicados en la cohorte del estudio Heinz Nixdorf Recall (30 casos, 1188 controles). Los participantes de EPIC-Potsdam con niveles de colesterol inferiores a 200 mg/dL, mostraron un incremento significativo del riesgo cardiovascular [HRaditivo 1.38 (1.07-1.78)], mientras que para participantes con niveles de colesterol ≥200 mg/dL se observó una disminución del riesgo [HRadditvo = 0.77 (0.58-1.03)]. En el estudio Heinz Nixdorf Recall, los respectivos HR para niveles de colesterol <200 mg/dL y colesterol ≥200 mg/dL fueron 1.06 (0.33-3.40) y 0.60 (0.29-1.25). Estos resultados sugieren una interacción entre el SNP investigado y colesterol, de manera que los portadores del alelo de riesgo, en presencia de niveles elevados de colesterol podrían evitar el riesgo conferido por el SNP.
En los últimos años, la tediosa tarea de evaluar la dieta de una persona, se ha beneficiado del rápido desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. Con la nueva variedad de herramientas, ahora el estudio de la dieta como factor de riesgo para diferentes enfermedades crónicas en grandes estudios epidemiológicos es posible a costes inferiores. En el quinto estudio de esta tesis, se presenta una revisión de las aplicaciones existentes para la automatización de las encuestas más comúnmente utilizadas para la medida de la dieta en estudios de investigación, es decir, el cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y el recordatorios de 24 horas.
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