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Climent Gallart, Jorge Antonio
Bou Franch, Valentín (dir.); Plaza Penadés, Javier (dir.) Departament de Dret Civil |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2015 | |
The objective of this doctoral thesis has been the systematic and comprehensive study of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) with respect to the right to freedom of speech (broadly defined) along with the right to honor, as well as, specifically, one that establishes which criteria to use by said party when determining the rights of two conflicting parties. As previously stated, the difficulty presented by this systemization is due to the casuistry in which the jurisprudence is based. Therefore, although we may deduce some general criteria, each case will have individual aspects, that is to say, the ECHR will do justice for each particular case. This difficulty is increased by the “national appreciation margin”. This is is the doctrine which states a national court is better placed than any international court could be to appreciate a case as a whole and takin...
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The objective of this doctoral thesis has been the systematic and comprehensive study of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) with respect to the right to freedom of speech (broadly defined) along with the right to honor, as well as, specifically, one that establishes which criteria to use by said party when determining the rights of two conflicting parties. As previously stated, the difficulty presented by this systemization is due to the casuistry in which the jurisprudence is based. Therefore, although we may deduce some general criteria, each case will have individual aspects, that is to say, the ECHR will do justice for each particular case. This difficulty is increased by the “national appreciation margin”. This is is the doctrine which states a national court is better placed than any international court could be to appreciate a case as a whole and taking into account all relevant contextual circumstances. In any case we can clearly see how for the ECHR freedom of speech is at the heart of any democratic society and it is this which is recognized as the prevalent character. However, to justify the preferred position in a case of conflict with the right to honor then freedom of speech should be treated as a point of public interest to affect a public person or a person with public notoriety and serve as the formation of public opinion.
Prior to this jurisprudential study, and in order to define it, a series of general considerations on the International Law of Human Rights were taken into account. In particular; the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom and the ECHR as the controlling body on behalf of the member states. Yet more specifically, we concentrate on the latter of these due to its unrivalled significance to the matter under review. As the largest interpreting body of CEDH its hermeneutical labor is essential in order to know the content and scope of fundamental rights as well as determining the considered criteria necessary for the resolution of conflicts falling under the rights we have studied.
Also, to begin, we took a doctrinal approach towards both rights, realizing this as the only approach which could enable us to understand the jurisprudential development carried out by the ECHR. Although many are purely theoretical issues surrounding both rights, we thought it appropriate to focus on those which, in our humble opinion, help to better understand the concepts used by the ECHR in its judgments. What is more, it should be noted that some, such as "public opinion" do not have a legal origin, but political, philosophical or sociological, having been subsequently judicial.
We finished by carrying out a comparative jurisprudential analysis between the ECHR and the Spanish courts regarding the question of the political and institutional critique. It is at this point that a greater discrepancy between the judgments of our national courts and the ECHR is located. So, they are publicly known cases in which the ECHR has considered the Spanish jurisdiction to have violated the right to criticize policy framed within the freedom of speech listed in Article 10 of the ECHR.La presente Tesis Doctoral ha tenido como objeto el estudio exhaustivo y sistematizado de la jurisprudencia emanada del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) respecto al derecho a la libertad de expresión (en sentido amplio) y al derecho al honor y, en especial, de aquélla que establece los criterios utilizados por dicho organismo para ponderar ambos derechos cuando entran en conflicto. Ya adelantamos la dificultad que presenta dicha sistematización, debido a la casuística en que se basa la jurisprudencia. Por tanto, aunque se puedan deducir unos criterios generales, los mismos tendrán un carácter relativo, precisamente por la voluntad del TEDH de hacer justicia en el caso concreto. Dicha dificultad aumenta debido al “margen de apreciación nacional”, doctrina conforme a la cual se entiende que el tribunal nacional está en mejor situación que cualquier instancia internacional, para apreciar el caso en su globalidad, atendiendo a todas las circunstancias coyunturales que puedan tener relevancia. En todo caso, sí que podemos comprobar cómo para el TEDH la libertad de expresión se encuentra en el corazón mismo de toda sociedad democrática, y es ello lo que justifica que se le reconozca un carácter prevalente. No obstante, para justificar dicha posición preferente en caso de conflicto con el derecho al honor, la libertad de expresión deberá tratar sobre un tema de interés público, afectar a una persona pública o con notoriedad pública, y servir para la formación de la opinión pública.
Con carácter previo a dicho estudio jurisprudencial, y para poder enmarcar el mismo, se llevan a cabo una serie de consideraciones generales sobre el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y, en especial, sobre el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y Libertades Fundamentales (CEDH) y el TEDH, como órgano de control del cumplimiento del mismo por parte de los Estados miembros. Precisamente, nos centramos en este último organismo, por su trascendental importancia en la materia que nos ocupa. Como máximo órgano interpretativo del CEDH, su labor hermenéutica es básica para conocer cuál es el contenido y el alcance de los derechos fundamentales, así como en la fijación de los criterios a tener en cuenta para la resolución de conflictos entre los derechos objeto de estudio.
También, con carácter previo, realizamos una aproximación doctrinal sobre ambos derechos, pues únicamente de ese modo se puede entender el desarrollo jurisprudencial llevado a cabo por el TEDH. Aun cuando son múltiples los aspectos puramente teóricos que rodean a ambos derechos, hemos creído oportuno centrarnos en aquéllos que, a nuestro humilde entender, ayudan a una mejor comprensión de los conceptos que utiliza el TEDH en sus sentencias. Además, cabe señalar que alguno de ellos, como “la opinión pública”, no tienen un origen jurídico, sino político, filosófico o sociológico, habiendo sido posteriormente juridificados.
Terminamos realizando un análisis jurisprudencial comparado, entre el TEDH y los órganos jurisdiccionales españoles, respecto a la cuestión de la crítica político-institucional. Es en este punto donde se sitúa una mayor discrepancia entre las sentencias de nuestros tribunales nacionales y las del TEDH. Así pues, son públicamente conocidos los casos en los que el TEDH ha considerado que la jurisdicción española ha conculcado el derecho a la crítica política, enmarcable dentro de la libertad de expresión, recogida en el artículo 10 del CEDH.
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