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López Castillo, Verónica
Monteagudo Castro, Carlos (dir.); Jordá Cuevas, Esperanza (dir.) Departament de Medicina |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2016 | |
Antecedents and objectives: In 1977, Birt et al. described a series of patients with multiple papular skin-colored, dome-shaped lesions located on the face, neck, and trunk. Histologically, these lesions corresponded to fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas and soft fibromas. This was the first description of what later came to be known as Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, a genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. In addition to skin lesions, patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome may present a series of extracutaneous lesions. In recent years, it has been shown that these patients are at a greater risk of developing renal cancer, spontaneous pneumothorax and lung cysts. In 2002, the FLCN gene was identified as being associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. The loss of FLCN expression observed in almost all histologic subtypes of renal carcinoma implicates this gene in the pathog...
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Antecedents and objectives: In 1977, Birt et al. described a series of patients with multiple papular skin-colored, dome-shaped lesions located on the face, neck, and trunk. Histologically, these lesions corresponded to fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas and soft fibromas. This was the first description of what later came to be known as Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, a genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. In addition to skin lesions, patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome may present a series of extracutaneous lesions. In recent years, it has been shown that these patients are at a greater risk of developing renal cancer, spontaneous pneumothorax and lung cysts. In 2002, the FLCN gene was identified as being associated with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. The loss of FLCN expression observed in almost all histologic subtypes of renal carcinoma implicates this gene in the pathogenesis of this type of tumor and provides further support for its function as a tumor suppressor gene. A second somatic mutation is necessary for renal cancer in patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome to develop; this mutation leads to loss of mRNA expression of FLCN in these tumors. Contrary to what occurs in renal tumors, no loss of heterozygosity had been detected in skin or lung lesions. However, in the Fourth Birt-Hogg-Dubé Symposium in 2012, Toro et al. obtained DNA from fibrofolliculomas of patients with BHDS finding loss of heterozygosity at the FLCN locus in most of the stromal tissue samples. In every case of LOH, the germline FLCN mutation was retained, and the wild-type sequence was lost suggesting that bialellic inactivation could be implicated in the development of cutaneous lesions.
The present study aimed to detect germline mutations in FLCN in patients with fibrofolliculomas and/or trichodiscomas, and, with spontaneous pneumothorax and/or lung cysts; evaluate biallelic inactivation in FLCN in lung and skin lesions, evaluate somatic mutations in FLCN in skin and lung samples, evaluate BHD promoter methylation status and in patients with fibrofolliculomas or trichodiscomas, and/or spontaneous pneumothorax, evaluate mRNA expression of FLCN in fibrofolliculomas and trichodiscomas, and in lung and renal lesions and evaluate the presence of skin and/or lung lesions and germline and somatic mutations in FLCN in first-degree relative with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.
Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study of the clinic, histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics in patients diagnosed of fibrofolliculomas and/or trichodiscomas and/or bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia from 1995 to 2012 was performed. The study included a total of 39 patients (22 males and 17 females).
All participants were subjected to dermatological investigation, chest X-rays or high-resolution computerized tomography scan and abdominal ultrasonography. Analysis of the FLCN gene was performed on genomic DNA extracted from peripheral leukocytes. PCR and direct sequencing for the detection of mutations in coding exons and adjacent flanking intronic regions were performed with Sanger and next generation sequencing. In addition, FLCN gene analysis was performed in fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas and lung lesions. DNA was obtained from macrodissected paraffin-embedded tumor samples and then subjected to direct sequencing. Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, lung samples, renal carcinomas and normal kidney was performed for demonstrating the presence and location of folliculin using the rabbit polyclonal antibody (FL-342) against folliculin. Germline methylation of FLCN was performed according to manufacturer´s instructions (Zymo Research) with the available EZ-96 DNA Methylation-GoldTM KitTM.
Results: Our study included a total of 39 individuals. There were 22 men and 17 women with a median age of 53,26 years. Seventy-two percent of participants had multiple white or skin colored papules over the axilla, face, neck, scalp, groin, upper extremities, trunk and/or lower extremities histologically confirmed as fibrofolliculomas or trichodiscomas. Twenty-one percent of patients with BHDS were devoid of cutaneous lesions.
Forty-one percent of BHDS patients had lung cysts on CT imaging with bilateral cysts in a 33,% of them. The left lung had the highest frequency of pneumothorax (46,7%). Approximately 40% of patients had a pneumothorax in the right lung only with the median age of 43,27 years. The average number of pneumothoraces per patient was two. Incidence of pneumothorax was higher in men than in women, at a ratio of 3:1. Fifty-three percent of BHD patients had kidney cysts involving both kidneys in a 50% of cases.
In immunostaining, we found that in cutaneous and lung lesions FLCN immunostaining was retained in the cytoplasm but was stronger in the nucleus, predominantly localized in the nucleolus, whereas FLCN immunoreactivity was virtually absent in both cytoplasm and nucleus of kidney carcinomas, and present exclusively in the cytoplasm in normal kidney tubules.
Germline BHD mutations were present in 73,7% of patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Mutation c.1286insC in exon 11 was the most frequent site of mutation, accounting for 35,7% of all the mutations detected. Regarding, somatic mutations, the exon 14 was the most frequent site of somatic mutations, followed by exons 5 and 6.
A seventy-five percent of patients diagnosed of BHDS had somatic mutations in at least one of their biopsies and a 66,7% of them had somatic mutations in all of the samples studied. Forty-two percent of patients with BHDS showed biallelic FLCN gene inactivation. In regard to cutaneous biopsies, biallelic inactivation was found in 5 of 12 (41,7%) patients and 5 of 15 (33,3%) samples. In regard to lung biopsies, a third of samples showed biallelic FLCN gene inactivation. No methylation of the FLCN/BHD promoter was found in any of the samples.
Conclusions: Skin lesions are missing in one-fifth of patients with BHDS. In contrast with the currently accepted hypothesis of haploinsuficiency as the only pathogenic mechanism for the development of cutaneous and pulmonary lesions in the BHDS, our results indicate that FLCN biallelic inactivation, by mechanisms other than metilation, with allelic loss, is a common phenomenon in cutaneous lesions, and to a lesser extent in lung lesions, may represent an analogous pathogenic mechanism to that already accepted for renal tumors in this syndrome.Antecedentes y objetivos: En 1977, tres doctores canadienses, Birt y cols., describieron en una serie de pacientes la presencia de múltiples lesiones papulosas, del color de la piel, de aspecto cupuliforme, localizadas en la cara, cuello y tronco, en asociación con lesiones pediculadas en axilas y párpados superiores que correspondían histológicamente a fibrofoliculomas, tricodiscomas y fibromas blandos. Esta asociación se definió como síndrome Birt-Hogg-Dubé. La alteración del gen FLCN produce a nivel cutáneo lesiones hamartomatosas a modo de fibrofoliculomas y/o tricodiscomas, principalmente. Actualmente, se venía aceptando que la inactivación de un único alelo era suficiente para el desarrollo tanto de los hamartomas cutáneos como de las lesiones pulmonares. Sin embargo, la patogénesis implicada en su desarrollo podría ser más compleja de lo que se venía pensando hasta ahora. Así, la formación de estas lesiones podría ser consecuencia de una inactivación bialélica que conllevaría la alteración de la vía mTOR, de forma similar a la situación en los tumores renales.
Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo fueron detectar la presencia de mutaciones o deleciones en línea germinal, así como la metilación del gen FLCN en los pacientes con fibrofoliculomas o tricodiscomas, neumotórax recidivantes y/o bilaterales y sus familiares de primer grado. Además, se estudiaron las mutaciones somáticas del gen FLCN y la expresión tisular de foliculina en muestras tumorales cutáneas y pulmonares de estos pacientes.
Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo clínico, histopatológico, inmunohistoquímico y genético de los pacientes con fibrofoliculomas o tricodiscomas y/o neumotórax recidivantes o bilaterales diagnosticados en nuestro hospital entre los años 1995-2012.
Se estudiaron diversas variables clínicas (sexo, edad, antecedentes familiares, tipo, localización y número de lesiones cutáneas, presencia de neumotórax y/o quistes pulmonares, presencia de carcinoma renal, asociación a otros tumores), histológicas, inmunohistoquímicos (inmunotinción con foliculina) y genéticos (mutaciones germinales y somáticas del gen FLCN en muestras de sangre y muestras tisulares y metilación del gen FLCN).
Resultados: Se recogió un total de 39 pacientes. Presentaron lesiones cutáneas el 71,8% de los pacientes recogidos, con una media en el número de lesiones de 17,68. En los pacientes diagnosticados de SBHD, se encontraron lesiones hamartomatosas características en el 79% de los casos, estando ausentes en el 21%. Las lesiones se localizaron con mayor frecuencia en axilas, área facial y el cuello, en el 32,76%, 17,24%, 17,24%, respectivamente. Se encontró neumotórax en el 38,5% de los pacientes recogidos. El 73,3% de pacientes presentó neumotórax de repetición, con un número medio de episodios de 2.4, una edad media de presentación de 43,27 años y afectación del pulmón izquierdo en el 46,7%. En cuanto a los quistes pulmonares, se encontraron presentes en el 41% de los casos, con una localización preferentemente bilateral (33,33%). Presentaron afectación renal el 38,46% de los pacientes recogidos. De ellos, se encontraron quistes renales en el 53,3% de los casos, localizándose de manera bilateral en el 50% de ellos. En cuanto al estudio inmunohistoquímico, en las lesiones cutáneas y pulmonares la inmunotinción fue nuclear pura o mayoritariamente nuclear. Encontramos la presencia de mutaciones en línea germinal en el gen FLCN en el 73,7% de los pacientes diagnosticados de síndrome Birt-Hogg-Dubé, siendo la mutación c.1286insC, en el exón 11, la más frecuente. En cuanto a las mutaciones somáticas, las variantes se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en el exón 14, seguido del exón 5 y 6 en un 23, 19 y 19%, respectivamente. De los pacientes con diagnóstico SBHD, el 75% de ellos presentaban mutaciones somáticas en alguna de sus biopsias y el 66,7% en todas ellas. No detectamos metilación del gen FLCN. En cuanto a la inactivación bialélica, se encontró su presencia en el 41,7% de los pacientes estudiados. En las lesiones cutáneas, la inactivación bialélica estuvo presente en el 41,7% de los pacientes incluidos y en 33,33% de las muestras. En las lesiones pulmonares, en un tercio de los pacientes se encontró inactivación bialélica.
Conclusiones: En un importante de pacientes con el SBHD las lesiones cutáneas hamartomatosas típicas pueden estar ausentes. En las lesiones cutáneas y pulmonares, a diferencia de los tumores renales, no existe pérdida de inmunotinción citoplasmática para la foliculina, predominando la inmunotinción nuclear, y particularmente nucleolar. Por otro lado, y en contraposición a la hipótesis actualmente aceptada de la haploinsuficiencia como único mecanismo patogénico para el desarrollo de las lesiones cutáneas y pulmonares en el SBHD, nuestros resultados indicarían que la inactivación bialélica, por mecanismos distintos de la metilación, y con presencia de deleción alélica, es un fenómeno frecuente en las lesiones cutáneas y, en menor medida, las pulmonares, y podría por tanto representar un mecanismo patogénico análogo al aceptado para los tumores renales de este síndrome.
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