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Álvarez-Sala Martín, Andrea
Barberá Sáez, Reyes (dir.); García Llatas, Guadalupe (dir.); Cilla Tatay, Antonio (dir.) Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Ciències de l'Alimentació, Toxicologia i Medicina Legal |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2018 | |
Based on the evidence of the ability of plant sterols (PS) to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels and the absence of adverse effects on human health, the European Society of Atherosclerosis (EAS) recommends daily consumption of PS. EAS considers a daily dose of 2 g of PS to be beneficial for individuals with hypercholesterolemia and moderate or low cardiovascular risk who do not qualify for pharmacotherapy, as well as for individuals under pharmacologic therapy who fail to reach therapeutic targets or display an intolerance to the therapy. Given that a usual diet is unable to offer the effective dose currently, several foods have been enriched with PS. The milk-based fruit beverages (where the addition of PS is allowed in the EU) are a convenient matrix to reach the daily recommended amount of PS. Moreover, these beverages are also considered healthy foods for their contribution in antioxidan...
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Based on the evidence of the ability of plant sterols (PS) to reduce LDL-cholesterol levels and the absence of adverse effects on human health, the European Society of Atherosclerosis (EAS) recommends daily consumption of PS. EAS considers a daily dose of 2 g of PS to be beneficial for individuals with hypercholesterolemia and moderate or low cardiovascular risk who do not qualify for pharmacotherapy, as well as for individuals under pharmacologic therapy who fail to reach therapeutic targets or display an intolerance to the therapy. Given that a usual diet is unable to offer the effective dose currently, several foods have been enriched with PS. The milk-based fruit beverages (where the addition of PS is allowed in the EU) are a convenient matrix to reach the daily recommended amount of PS. Moreover, these beverages are also considered healthy foods for their contribution in antioxidants (mainly carotenoids and β-critoxanthin (β-Cx)). Likewise, other functions such as antiinflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects have also been attributed to PS.
The general objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to select and evaluate the functionality of a skimmed milk-based fruit beverage enriched with PS and containing β-Cx, through in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies.
Three beverages (MFb: without fat addition; MFbM: with addition of milk fat and whey proteins enriched with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM); MFbO: with extra virgin olive oil and soy lecithin addition) have been studied, of which the MFbM is selected to carry out the clinical trial, based on the bioaccessibility (BA) of the PS (31.4%), and the possible health benefits attributed to MFGM. Under storage conditions (20-25ºC, 6 months), this beverage is stable, since no modifications were observed in the content and BA of PS, and their oxidation rate is low (0.022-0.023%).
The consumption of the MFbM beverage, providing 2 g of PS, during 6 weeks by postmenopausal women, produces a hypocholesterolemic effect (reduction of total cholesterol (2.9%) and the LDL-cholesterol (5.1%)), as well as an antiinflammatory effect (reduction of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β (6.7%) and increase of antiinflammatory IL-10 (22.5%)).
It was demonstrated that the PS, at serum concentrations obtained after the intake of PS-enriched milk-based fruit beverage containing β-Cx, prevents hemolytic and partially proeryptotic effects induced by β-Cx with or without oxidative stress conditions in erythrocytes.
The PS-ingredient (tall oil) used for enrichment of the beverage and its main PS (β-sitosterol), show an antiproliferative effect in breast (MCF-7), colon (HTC116) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. In addition, in models of colon cancer cells (Caco-2 and HT-29), it is shown that PS can act as coadjuvants of the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil.
Although more in vivo studies are necessary, the results obtained demonstrate the suitability and functionality of the designed and evaluated beverage with PS, β-Cx and MFGM.La Sociedad Europea de Aterosclerosis (EAS), basándose en la evidencia de la
capacidad de los esteroles vegetales (EV) para disminuir los niveles de c-LDL y a la
ausencia de efectos adversos, ha considerado beneficioso el consumo de 2 g EV/día, en personas con hipercolesterolemia y con riesgo cardiovascular moderado y bajo que no precisen tratamiento farmacológico, así como en personas que requieren de tratamiento farmacológico pero no alcanzan los objetivos terapéuticos o tienen intolerancia al mismo. Dado que con la dieta habitual no se alcanza dicha ingesta de EV, en la actualidad, diversos alimentos se enriquecen en EV. Las bebidas a base de zumo de frutas y leche (en las que la UE permite la adición de EV), son una matriz adecuada para obtener las recomendaciones dietéticas de EV. Además, estos productos se consideran alimentos saludables por su aporte en antioxidantes (carotenos y β-critoxantina (β-Cx), principalmente). Asimismo, los EV se asocian con otros efectos beneficiosos, tales como antiinflamatorio y anticarcinogénico.
El objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral es seleccionar y evaluar la funcionalidad de una bebida a base de zumo de frutas y leche desnatada enriquecida en EV y conteniendo β-Cx, utilizando un triple abordaje mediante estudios in vivo, ex vivo e in vitro.
Se estudian tres bebidas (MFb: sin adición de grasa; MFbM: con adición de grasa láctea y concentrado de proteínas de suero lácteo enriquecido con membrana de glóbulo graso de leche (MFGM); MFbO: con adición de aceite de oliva virgen extra y lecitina de soja), de las cuales, se selecciona la bebida MFbM para llevar a cabo el ensayo clínico, en base a la BA obtenida de los EV (31,4%) y a los posibles efectos beneficiosos que se le atribuye al MFGM. El almacenamiento (20-25ºC, 6 meses) de la bebida, no produce cambios ni del contenido ni de la BA de los EV y el porcentaje de oxidación de los mismos es bajo (0,022-0,023%).
La ingesta de la bebida MFbM, aportando 2 g EV/día, durante 6 semanas por mujeres
postmenopáusicas, produce un efecto hipocolesterolemiante (reducción del colesterol total (2,9%) y el c-LDL (5,1%)), así como un efecto antiinflamatorio (reducción de la citoquina IL-1β proinflamatoria (6,7%) y aumento de la IL-10 antiinflamatoria (22,5%)).
Se constata que los EV, a concentraciones séricas tras la ingesta de una bebida a base
de zumo de frutas y leche enriquecida en EV y conteniendo β-Cx, previenen, en eritrocitos, los efectos hemolíticos y, parcialmente, los efectos pro-eriptóticos inducidos por β-Cx con o sin estrés oxidativo.
El ingrediente fuente de EV (tall oil) utilizado para el enriquecimiento de la bebida
MFbM y su principal EV (β-sitosterol), muestran un efecto antiproliferativo sobre
células de cáncer de mama (MCF-7), colon (HTC116) y cuello uterino (HeLa). Además, en dos modelos de células de cáncer de colon (Caco-2 y HT-29), los EV pueden actuar como coadyuvantes del fármaco quimioterapéutico 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU).
Aunque son necesarios más estudios in vivo, los resultados obtenidos demuestran la
idoneidad y funcionalidad de la bebida diseñada y evaluada con EV, β-Cx y MFGM.
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