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Candela Ochotorena, José
Herrera Gómez, Justo (dir.); Cardós Carboneras, Manuel (dir.) Departament de Direcció d'Empreses. Juan Jose Renau Piqueras |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2006 | |
The purpose of this paper is to establish, devise and verify empirically a model which, from
an analysis of labour climate, enables feedback to be obtained on management performance with regard to motivation practices and policies in human resources. Failure to build linear models for linking employee satisfaction and human resources policies has led to delays in identifying management tools. Our study renounces linearity-impossible in human resources- and opts for other statistical instruments like classification trees. The variables or dimensions of the model connect employee involvement and satisfaction with motivational policies proposed by the Management, providing feedback. It is a tool for Argyris and Sch¨on’s doublé loop, which brings out current management theories and compares them with the theories put forward by the management, obtaining a diagnosis for strategic learning a...
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The purpose of this paper is to establish, devise and verify empirically a model which, from
an analysis of labour climate, enables feedback to be obtained on management performance with regard to motivation practices and policies in human resources. Failure to build linear models for linking employee satisfaction and human resources policies has led to delays in identifying management tools. Our study renounces linearity-impossible in human resources- and opts for other statistical instruments like classification trees. The variables or dimensions of the model connect employee involvement and satisfaction with motivational policies proposed by the Management, providing feedback. It is a tool for Argyris and Sch¨on’s doublé loop, which brings out current management theories and compares them with the theories put forward by the management, obtaining a diagnosis for strategic learning and growth of Kaplan and Norton.
Kaplan and Norton[22] introduced the strategic perspective of organizational learning and growth into company Balanced Scorecards. This approach is based on Argyris and Sch¨on’s management learning cycles and it is an emerging perspective yet to be developed[17]. However, more than 40% of large companies use the BSC, but only 17% of them include the learning and growth perspective, while the rest of them consider it excessively ambiguous or do not find indicators[36].
The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate empirically a labour climate model able to measure the performance of the managerial Human Resources policies from the organizacional learning and Growth perspective within the Balanced Scorecard framework. Human Resources (HR) policies are key tools for capacity building, which in turn are the basic substratum of the learning and growth perspective, and the learning and growth perspective is the foundation for the strategic performance of the organizationu[.
The proposed model links employee involvement and satisfaction with Management motivational policies, providing feedback on the deployment of the policies. The analysis has been performed using a qualitative and quantitative methodology. Finally, although the relationship between strategic performance and HR performance is almost a tautology for academicians[8], managers distrust the principles that support HR practices, for they do not have
the necessary tools for establishing and measuring the relationship between those practices and the results[13].
Failure to build linear models for linking employee satisfaction and HR policies has led to delays in identifying management HR tools. Our study renounces linearity, impossible in HR[35] and opts for other statistical instruments as the classification trees[12] to correlate individual satisfaction with their perception of the HR policies. It is a tool for Argyris and Sch¨on’s double loop, which brings out management theories in use and compares them with the theories put forward by the management (proclaimed theories, e.g. what they intend to implement) obtaining a diagnosis of management efficiency and data for strategic learning and growth.
The BSC is used to describe and communicate strategies, and not to formulate them; its goal is to align the organizational performance to the strategy, and its scope is the execution of the strategy[34]. The authors of BSC reached the conclusion that “new marketing and organizational concepts, inter alia, fail when implemented because they do not take the human factor into account”[19]. “Only by taking the human factor into account, can managers understand how the pieces of the strategy fit together”. But theories to manage human resources are implicit for the most part and not comprehensible out of context. To understand how the pieces of the strategy fit together, the managers need to explicit the theory they state that gobern their performance and compare them with the rules that make sense of the actual organization behavior.
Managers learn by doing, by observing other people and by experimenting. This trial-error process implies uncertainty. Scoreboards attempt to reduce uncertainties because they connect different line levels and they monitor the chain of relations which lead to results. Mintzberg has developed a correlation between strategic positioning of organizations and the basic learning strategies which they use for building competencies.
Capelli and Crocker-Heffter[7] have researched on the correlation between human resources practices and the strategy the company adopts, reaching down “to the specific practices, and their effectiveness for the development of the organization in defined strategies”. Starting from this author, this paper reviews the BSC as a tool for aligning human capital with business processes through human resources practices. HR practices that align processes and human capital are specific to the values of those processes and, therefore, to the strategy they serve, this alignment results in labour values, or specific labour climate.Kaplan y Norton, (1996) introducen en los Cuadros de Mando de las empresas la perspectiva estratégica de aprendizaje y crecimiento de la organización. Este enfoque se basa en los ciclos de aprendizaje directivo de Argyris y Schön (1974) y, según los propios autores, es una perspectiva emergente aún por desarrollar (Kaplan, 1998)
El propósito de este trabajo es fundamentar, elaborar y verificar empíricamente un modelo que, a partir del análisis del Clima laboral, permita obtener feed-back del desempeño directivo en materia de prácticas y políticas de motivación de los recursos humanos. Las políticas de RR HH son herramientas clave para la construcción de capacidades (Losey et al., 2005), las cuales son el sustrato básico de la perspectiva de aprendizaje y crecimiento del BSC (Walker y MacDonald, 2001).
Herramientas que retroalimenten al directivo y orienten su capacidad de reacción ante la forma de actuar, son tan escasas como útiles (Argyris, 1996; Capelli y Crocker-Heffter, 1996; Kaplan, 1998) El fallo en la construcción de modelos lineales para relacionar satisfacción laboral y políticas de RR HH, ha creado retrasos en la identificación de herramientas directivas de RR HH (Guest et al, 2003). Nuestro estudio renuncia a la linealidad -imposible en RR HH (Rayton, 2006)- y apuesta por otros instrumentos estadísticos (los árboles de clasificación), paralelamente a los estudios realizados por Geuest et al, en 2004.
Las Variables o dimensiones del modelo relacionan la implicación y satisfacción de los empleados con las políticas de motivación propuestas por la Dirección, proporcionando feed-back. La metodología de análisis es doble, cualitativa y cuantitativa. Ésta última consiste en la utilización de los árboles de clasificación para correlacionar la satisfacción de los individuos con su percepción de las políticas de RR HH. Es una herramienta para el ciclo doble de Argyris y Schön, que hace aflorar las teorías directivas en uso y las compara con las teorías propuestas por la dirección, obteniendo un diagnóstico de la eficacia directiva y elementos para el aprendizaje y crecimiento estratégico.
Kaplan y Norton (1992) llegaron a la conclusión de que los “nuevos conceptos de marketing y de organización, entre otros, fallan al ser implantados por no tener en cuenta el factor humano” (Kaplan, 1998: p.5). “Solo teniendo en cuenta el factor humano, los directivos pueden comprender cómo las piezas de la estrategia encajan unas con otras” (Kaplan y Norton, 1996; p.6). Como los directivos usan teorías, implícitas en su mayor parte y poco comprensibles fuera de contexto, para dirigir los recursos humanos (Argyris, 1996; Tiwana, 2000), solo pueden comprender cómo las piezas de la estrategia encajan unas con otras, si hacen explícitas sus teorías y las comparan con lo que realmente ocurre. Este proceso de aprendizaje estratégico y adaptación organizativa es fundamental para implantar las estrategias de negocio (Kaplan y Norton, 1996; Yeung y Berman, 1997)
Autores como Argyris (1998) han ponderado muy positivamente el BSC. Han dicho que es una herramienta para el aprendizaje estratégico de los directivos, porque monitoriza la cadena de relaciones que conducen a los resultados. De esa manera, el Cuadro de Mando Integral proporciona elementos conceptuales para contrastar hipótesis (Kaplan y Norton, 1996).
Mintzberg (1998) ha desarrollado la relación entre los posicionamientos estratégicos de las organizaciones y las estrategias básicas de aprendizaje que éstas utilizan para la creación de competencias.
Por último, Capelli y Crocker-Heffter (1996) han investigado sobre la relación entre las Prácticas de recursos humanos y la estrategia que sigue la empresa, descendiendo “al nivel de las prácticas concretas, y a su eficacia para el desempeño de la organización en estrategias definidas”.
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