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Pérez González, Saúl
Iranzo García, Valeriano (dir.) Departament de Filosofia |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2020 | |
The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the new mechanical philosophy and discuss its main strengths and weaknesses. The new mechanical philosophy, which emerged between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, is both a philosophy of science and a philosophy of nature. It is not only concerned about the scientific methodology, but also about the constitution and organisation of the world. The dissertation is structured in four distinct but complementary papers: “The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism”, “Evolutionary causes as mechanisms: a critical analysis”, “Mechanistic explanations and components of social mechanisms”, and “Mechanisms and science denialism: explaining the global lung cancer epidemic”.
“The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism” introduces and discusses a general principle shared by new mechanists: the search for generality. New mechanists a...
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The aim of this dissertation is to analyse the new mechanical philosophy and discuss its main strengths and weaknesses. The new mechanical philosophy, which emerged between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, is both a philosophy of science and a philosophy of nature. It is not only concerned about the scientific methodology, but also about the constitution and organisation of the world. The dissertation is structured in four distinct but complementary papers: “The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism”, “Evolutionary causes as mechanisms: a critical analysis”, “Mechanistic explanations and components of social mechanisms”, and “Mechanisms and science denialism: explaining the global lung cancer epidemic”.
“The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism” introduces and discusses a general principle shared by new mechanists: the search for generality. New mechanists agree that an appropriate notion of mechanism must be suitable for most of the fields of science where mechanisms are relevant. The development of general notions of mechanism is pursued with two different and alternative strategies: the extrapolation strategy and the across-the-sciences strategy. After analysing paradigmatic examples of them, I argue that both strategies face outstanding difficulties and that the prospects for overcoming them are dim.
A field of science where the mechanical approach and the application of general notions of mechanism are especially controverted is evolutionary biology. In “Evolutionary causes as mechanisms: a critical analysis”, Victor J. Luque and I analyse current mechanical approaches to causal evolution, which mainly focus on natural selection, and explore their validity for evolutionary causes. We identify and characterise three kinds of mechanical approaches: the stochastic view, the functional view, and the minimalist view. Nevertheless, after carefully analysing them, we conclude that any of them can satisfactorily account for causal evolution.
Given the difficulties faced by general mechanical approaches, a field-specific approach seems advisable. That approach is adopted in “Mechanistic explanations and components of social mechanisms”. In that paper, taking social scientists’ practice as the main source, I address the question of what the components of social mechanisms in mechanistic explanations of social macro-phenomena must be. Analytical sociology’s initial position and the main new proposals by analytical sociologists are discussed. It is argued that all of them are faced by outstanding difficulties. Subsequently, a minimal requirement regarding the components of social mechanisms is introduced. It is held that a component of a social mechanism in a mechanistic explanation of a social macro-phenomenon must not have the explanandum as a part of it.
Finally, “Mechanisms and science denialism: explaining the global lung cancer epidemic” addresses the relationship between scientific explanation and science denialism. In it, explanatory wars are introduced. An explanatory war is a situation in which the standard scientific explanation of a phenomenon is systematically denied by a group of people. It is argued that the mechanistic account of scientific explanation is helpful in order to face this kind of science denialism. Mechanistic explanations are resistant to the arguments usually raised by denialists. The relevant role of mechanistic explanations is illustrated by the case of tobacco disease denialism during the second half of twentieth century.El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar la nueva filosofía mecanicista y discutir sus principales fortalezas y debilidades. La nueva filosofía mecanicista, que surgió entre finales de la década de 1980 y principios de la década de 1990, es tanto una filosofía de la ciencia como una filosofía de la naturaleza. No solo se interesa por la metodología científica, sino también por la constitución y organización del mundo. La tesis se compone de cuatro artículos: “The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism”, “Evolutionary causes as mechanisms: a critical analysis”, “Mechanistic explanations and components of social mechanisms” y “Mechanisms and science denialism: explaining the global lung cancer epidemic”.
“The Search for Generality in the Notion of Mechanism” introduce y discute un principio general compartido por los nuevos mecanicistas: la búsqueda de generalidad. Los nuevos mecanicistas están de acuerdo en que una noción de mecanismo satisfactoria ha de ser adecuada para la mayoría de áreas científicas en que los mecanismos son relevantes. El desarrollo de nociones generales de mecanismo es perseguido mediante dos estrategias diferentes y alternativas: la estrategia de extrapolación y la estrategia a-través-de-las-ciencias. Tras analizar ejemplos paradigmáticos de ellas, argumento que ambas estrategias encuentran grandes dificultades y que las posibilidades de superarlas son escasas.
Un área en la cual el enfoque mecanicista y la aplicación de nociones generales de mecanismo son especialmente controvertidos es la biología evolutiva. En “Evolutionary causes as mechanisms: a critical analysis”, Victor J. Luque y yo analizamos los actuales acercamientos mecanicistas a la evolución causal, los cuales se centran en la selección natural, y exploramos su validez para las causas evolutivas. Identificamos y caracterizamos tres tipos de enfoques mecanicistas: la visión estocástica, la visión funcional, y la visión minimalista. Sin embargo, tras analizarlos detenidamente, concluimos que ninguno de ellos da cuenta satisfactoriamente de la evolución causal.
Dadas las dificultades que enfrentan los enfoques mecanicistas generales, un enfoque específico de área parece recomendable. Este enfoque es adoptado en “Mechanistic explanations and components of social mechanisms”. En este artículo, tomando la práctica de los científicos sociales como principal referencia, abordo la cuestión de cuales han de ser los componentes de los mecanismos sociales en las explicaciones mecanicistas de un macrofenómenos sociales. Discuto tanto la posición inicial de la sociología analítica como propuestas posteriores desarrolladas por sociólogos analíticos. Respecto de todas ellas, muestro que tienen problemas importantes. Posteriormente, planteo un requisito mínimo respecto de los componentes de los mecanismos sociales. Argumento que un componente de un mecanismo social en una explicación mecanicista de un macrofenómeno social no debe tener el fenómeno explanandum como parte.
Finalmente, “Mechanisms and science denialism: explaining the global lung cancer epidemic” aborda la relación entre explicación científica y negacionismo de la ciencia. En él, se introduce la noción de “guerra de explicación”. Una guerra de explicación es una situación en la cual la explicación científica estándar de un fenómeno es sistemáticamente negada por un grupo de personas. En el artículo, argumento que la concepción mecanicista de la explicación es de ayuda para lidiar con esta forma de negacionismo de la ciencia. Las explicaciones mecanicistas son resistentes a los argumentos habituales de los negacionistas. El importante papel de las explicaciones mecanicistas es ilustrado con el caso del negacionismo de las enfermedades asociadas al tabaco durante la segunda mitad del siglo veinte.
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