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Fernández Díaz, Victoria
Tabanera García, Nuria (dir.) Departament de Història Contemporània |
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Aquest document és un/a tesi, creat/da en: 2021 | |
The aim of this research is to study the patterns that governed the exiles of the sailors of the Navy of the II Republic and to give coherence to their different paths within the exile movement after the end of the war. In order to achieve these objectives, we have used a diverse methodology since we are dealing with a group of people moving from one country to another, we have adopted methodological techniques typical of migratory studies, such as the microanalytical approach, the use of nominative and qualitative sources that have allowed us to structure a database of 1,517 exiled seamen that gathers a wide demographic information and with which we have established a representativeness of the studied community. Likewise, we have used the concept of migratory networks to identify the family, political or professional contacts that determined in many cases the exile routes. As we have a...
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The aim of this research is to study the patterns that governed the exiles of the sailors of the Navy of the II Republic and to give coherence to their different paths within the exile movement after the end of the war. In order to achieve these objectives, we have used a diverse methodology since we are dealing with a group of people moving from one country to another, we have adopted methodological techniques typical of migratory studies, such as the microanalytical approach, the use of nominative and qualitative sources that have allowed us to structure a database of 1,517 exiled seamen that gathers a wide demographic information and with which we have established a representativeness of the studied community. Likewise, we have used the concept of migratory networks to identify the family, political or professional contacts that determined in many cases the exile routes. As we have also handled unpublished private sources, we have adopted elements of the analysis of the literature of the self to approach diaries and letters contemporary to the events and the subsequent accounts and memories of the seafarers. In addition, we have made use of testimonies of seafarers and their descendants obtained through interviews and correspondence which, with their limitations, have provided insight into the society they lived in and have often allowed us to fill in the gaps in history. We have also used multiple primary sources from various archives located in France and Spain, as well as various newspaper sources and an abundant bibliography on the exile, from the classics to the most recent texts.
In this research we analyzed a group of approximately 4,000 seafarers, diverse in its composition and whose departure for exile took place in a relatively grouped manner. We have therefore examined the exile of seafarers in North Africa, discarding the exile to France, which was less important among seafarers and which has already been extensively studied, so that the main questions led us to other scenarios. For this reason we have investigated firstly the exile to Tunisia, initial destination of most of the sailors of the Navy, i.e. some 3,800 men who arrived in 11 ships and 1 submarine to the city of Bizerta, and secondly the exile to Algeria where some 200 to 250 sailors arrived from the Spanish coasts and another 300 men sent by the French authorities from Tunisia at the beginning of the Second World War. We have unveiled experiences of concentration and repression of great harshness and complexity that took place since the arrival of the exiles and that continued even several months after the liberation of North Africa by the Allies in 1943.
A certain number of seafarers were able to take the path of re-exile to the countries which, at first, opened their borders to the expatriate republicans, namely the USSR, Mexico, the Dominican Republic and Chile. We have analyzed the elements that favored these displacements, identified those who were able to leave and shown that these exiled sailors, like thousands of others, had numerous problems of insertion in the receiving countries. For all these reasons, we have found that the exile of the seafarers, and that of many others, was of a harshness that contrasts with the image of ease or of golden exiles that has been given in certain contexts. In addition, this work makes visible the names and experiences of the sailors of the Navy and with them the exiles "without history" that remain hidden in the general analyses, in contrast to the attention given to the relevant characters within the political or cultural world.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar las pautas que rigieron los exilios de los marinos de la Armada de la II República y dar coherencia a sus diferentes recorridos dentro del movimiento exiliar tras el fin de la contienda. Para alcanzar estos objetivos, nos hemos servido de una metodología diversa ya que por tratarse de un grupo de personas que se desplaza de un país a otro, hemos adoptado técnicas metodológicas propias de los estudios migratorios, como la aproximación microanálitica, el recurso a las fuentes nominativas y cualitativas que nos han permitido estructurar una base de datos de 1.517 marinos exiliados que recoge una amplia información demográfica y con la que hemos establecido una representatividad de la comunidad estudiada. Así mismo, hemos utilizado el concepto de redes migratorias para identificar los contactos familiares, políticos o profesionales que determinaron en muchos casos los recorridos exiliares. Como hemos manejado también fuentes privadas inéditas, hemos adoptado elementos del análisis de la literatura del yo para abordar diarios y cartas contemporáneas de los acontecimientos y los relatos y memorias posteriores de los marinos. Además, hemos hecho uso de testimonios de marinos y de sus descendientes obtenidos a través de entrevistas y correspondencia que, con sus limitaciones, han aportado comprensión sobre la sociedad que vivían y han permitido muchas veces rellenar los interticios de la Historia. Igualmente, hemos manejado múltiples fuentes primarias, procedentes de diversos archivos ubicados en Francia y España, así como diversas fuentes hemerográficas y una abundantísima bibliografía sobre el exilio, desde los clásicos hasta los textos más recientes.
En esta investigación analizamos un colectivo de aproximadamente 4.000 marinos, diverso en su composición y cuya salida hacia el destierro se realizó de manera relativamente agrupada. Por ello hemos examinado el exilio de los marinos en el norte de África, descartando el exilio a Francia, que fue menos importante entre los marinos y que ha sido ya muy estudiado por lo que los principales interrogantes nos llevaron a otros escenarios. Por esto hemos investigado primero el exilio a Túnez, destino inicial de la mayoría de los marinos de la Armada, es decir unos 3.800 hombres llegados en 11 buques y 1 submarino a la ciudad de Bizerta, y, en segundo lugar, el exilio a Argelia donde arribaron unos 200 a 250 marinos desde las costas españolas y otros 300 hombres mandados por las autoridades francesas desde Túnez al iniciarse la II Guerra Mundial. Hemos desvelado experiencias concentracionarias y represivas de gran dureza y complejidad que se produjeron desde la llegada de los exiliados y que se prolongaron incluso varios meses después de la liberación del norte de África por los aliados en 1943.
Cierto número de marinos pudieron emprender el camino del reexilio hacia los países que, en un primer momento, abrieron sus fronteras a los republicanos expatriados, es decir la URSS, México, República Dominicana y Chile. Hemos analizado los elementos que favorecieron estos desplazamientos, identificado quienes pudieron marchar y evidenciado que estos marinos exiliados, como otros miles, tuvieron numerosos problemas de inserción en los países receptores. Por todo ello, constatamos que el exilio de los marinos, y el de muchos, fue de una dureza que contrasta con la imagen de facilidad o de exilios dorados que se ha dado en ciertos contextos. Además, este trabajo visibiliza los nombres y las experiencias de los marinos de la Armada y con ellos los exiliados “sin historia” que quedan ocultos en los análisis generales, frente a la atención prestada a los personajes relevantes dentro del mundo político o cultural.
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